“There is no Magic Circle”-Consalvo

Consalvo rejects Huizinga’s idea of the magic circle created in the 1930’s , she states that times have changed and that this theory was created before the creation of digital gaming. The addition of digital gaming ruined the magic circle. Consalvo addresses the act of cheating while in the “Magic Circle”. She states that since there are cheaters in games then there is no magic circle. The cheaters do not abide by the rules and hope that people are following the “magic circle” gaming experience. They break the circle because they change the outcomes of the game by cheating.